2025國際兒童及青少年化學大賽2025 International Children and Youth Chemistry Competition ICYCC

本次國際兒童及青少年化學大賽，其題目範圍覆蓋多個化學領域，涉及基礎化學常識以及高階的化學現象分析和難題解讀，具體如下：
 

化學基礎理論：

1. 化學基本概念：原子、分子、離子的概念及區別，如解釋氯化鈉晶體中離子鍵的形成與離子的存在形式。元素週期律的內涵，包括元素性質（如金屬性、非金屬性、原子半徑等）隨原子序數遞增的變化規律，像分析第三週期元素性質的遞變。

2. 化學用語：熟練書寫常見元素的符號、化學式、化學方程式，例如正確書寫氧化還原反應中銅與濃硫酸反應的化學方程式，並能準確標注反應條件。理解電子式、結構式等化學用語的含義，如寫出甲烷分子的電子式和結構式。

3. 化學計量：物質的量、摩爾品質、氣體摩爾體積等概念的理解與計算，如通過物質的量計算一定品質的碳酸鈣所含的鈣離子數目，以及在標準狀況下，一定物質的量的氧氣所占的體積。
    

無機化學：

1. 元素及其化合物：常見金屬元素（如鈉、鋁、鐵、銅）和非金屬元素（如氯、氮、硫、矽）的單質及其化合物的性質、製備和用途。例如，闡述氯氣的實驗室制法及氯氣與水、堿反應的化學性質，分析鐵在不同條件下與氧氣反應的產物差異。

2. 化學反應類型：掌握氧化還原反應的本質和特徵，能準確判斷氧化劑、還原劑、氧化產物和還原產物，如在高錳酸鉀與濃鹽酸反應中進行相關判斷。分析離子反應的實質，書寫離子方程式，如醋酸與氫氧化鈉溶液反應的離子方程式書寫。

3. 物質結構與性質：原子結構與元素性質的關係，如根據原子核外電子排布解釋鹼金屬元素化學性質的相似性和遞變性。化學鍵的類型（離子鍵、共價鍵、金屬鍵）及對物質性質的影響，像通過分析化學鍵解釋氯化鈉和氯化氫在熔點、沸點等物理性質上的差異。
    

有機化學：

1. 有機化合物的結構與性質：常見有機物（如烷烴、烯烴、芳香烴、醇、醛、羧酸、酯）的結構特點、官能團及性質。例如，以乙醇為例，闡述醇類物質的催化氧化反應原理及斷鍵方式，分析苯的結構特點對其化學性質的影響。

2. 有機反應類型：取代反應、加成反應、消去反應、氧化反應、還原反應等有機反應類型的判斷與應用。如判斷甲苯與溴在光照或鐵作催化劑條件下反應的類型，並寫出相應的化學方程式。

3. 有機合成與推斷：根據給定的原料和目標產物，設計合理的有機合成路線，如以乙烯為原料合成乙酸乙酯的合成路線設計。通過對有機物性質和反應的綜合分析，推斷有機物的結構簡式，如根據某有機物的分子式、性質及反應現象推斷其可能的結構。
    

化學實驗與探究：

1. 實驗基本操作：掌握常見儀器（如酒精燈、託盤天平、容量瓶、分液漏斗等）的使用方法，如正確使用容量瓶配製一定物質的量濃度的溶液。熟悉化學實驗的基本操作技能，如過濾、蒸發、蒸餾、萃取等操作的原理和注意事項，能夠準確描述粗鹽提純中過濾和蒸發操作的步驟。

2. 實驗設計與評價：根據實驗目的設計實驗方案，如設計實驗探究溫度對化學反應速率的影響，要求明確實驗步驟、所需試劑和儀器，並預期實驗現象。對給定的實驗方案進行評價，分析其優缺點，提出改進措施，如對實驗室制取二氧化碳的實驗裝置進行評價和改進。

3. 實驗數據處理與分析：學會記錄和處理實驗數據，如通過酸堿中和滴定實驗數據計算待測溶液的濃度，並進行誤差分析。根據實驗數據繪製圖表（如溶解度曲線），分析實驗結果與理論值的差異，如通過繪製硝酸鉀溶解度曲線，分析實驗數據與理論溶解度曲線存在偏差的原因。
    

化學現象分析與推理：

1. 基於化學原理的分析：依據勒夏特列原理，分析溫度、壓強、濃度等因素對化學平衡移動的影響，如解釋工業合成氨中通過改變反應條件提高氨氣產率的原理。從化學動力學角度，探討化學反應速率的影響因素，如分析鋅與不同濃度硫酸反應速率不同的原因。

2. 化學性質與用途的關聯：根據物質的化學性質推斷其可能的用途，如根據濃硫酸的吸水性、脫水性和強氧化性，分析其在實驗室和工業生產中的應用。由物質的用途反推其化學性質，如從漂白粉用於游泳池消毒，推斷其具有強氧化性等化學性質。

3. 跨知識模組的綜合分析：結合無機化學和有機化學知識，分析複雜體系中的化學現象，如在有機合成實驗中，涉及到的無機試劑的作用及相關化學反應。綜合化學基礎理論和實驗知識，解決實際問題，如在廢水處理中，利用化學沉澱法、氧化還原法等原理設計處理方案。
    

化學與社會熱點：

1. 環境保護中的化學：分析酸雨、臭氧層空洞、溫室效應等環境問題產生的化學原因，如闡述酸雨形成過程中涉及的化學物質及化學反應。探討化學在環境保護中的應用，如污水處理中化學沉澱、氧化還原等方法的原理和應用，以及綠色化學理念在工業生產中的體現。

2. 能源化學：介紹常見能源（如化石能源、太陽能、風能、氫能等）的特點及轉化過程中的化學原理，如分析太陽能電池的工作原理及化學能與電能的轉化過程。討論新能源開發與利用面臨的化學問題及解決方案，如氫氣作為清潔能源，探討其製備、儲存和運輸過程中的化學難題及解決思路。

3. 材料化學：瞭解常見材料（如金屬材料、無機非金屬材料、有機高分子材料）的組成、結構和性能，如分析鋁合金材料在航空航太領域應用的原因。研究新型材料（如納米材料、超導材料）的化學製備方法及應用前景，如介紹納米材料獨特的化學性質及在催化領域的潛在應用。
    

解決實際相關化學問題：​

1. 面對生活中的化學問題：針對廚房中常見的化學現象，如食醋除水垢的原理，運用化學知識進行解釋，並提出合理的使用建議。解決衣物清洗中的化學難題，如去除衣物上的油漬、血跡等污漬，根據污漬成分和化學性質選擇合適的洗滌劑及清洗方法。

2. 針對工業生產中的化學問題：在化工生產中，考慮化學反應條件、原料利用率、產品純度等因素，優化生產流程，如對合成氨工業的生產流程進行優化，提高氨氣的產量和品質。分析工業生產中產生的廢氣、廢水、廢渣對環境的影響，並提出相應的化學處理方法，如針對鋼鐵廠產生的廢氣二氧化硫，提出採用石灰乳吸收的處理方案。

 

參賽者要扎實掌握基本化學知識，熟練運用化學研究方法解題。大賽設置挑戰題，激發學生創新思維，突破自身，探索化學新領域，力求在有限的考試資源下，全面、高效地檢驗學生的化學素養和能力，避免不必要的繁瑣和重複內容，做到精准、有效地考核。
 

The International Children and Youth Chemistry Competition covers a wide range of chemical fields, involving basic chemical knowledge as well as advanced chemical phenomenon analysis and problem - solving. The specific details are as follows:
 

Chemical Basic Theories：

• Basic Chemical Concepts: Concepts and differences among atoms, molecules, and ions. For example, explain the formation of ionic bonds and the existence form of ions in sodium chloride crystals. The connotation of the periodic law of elements, including the variation laws of element properties (such as metallicity, non - metallicity, atomic radius, etc.) with the increase of atomic number. For instance, analyze the property trends of elements in the third period.

• Chemical Terminology: Be proficient in writing symbols, chemical formulas, and chemical equations of common elements. For example, correctly write the chemical equation for the reaction between copper and concentrated sulfuric acid in a redox reaction and accurately mark the reaction conditions. Understand the meanings of chemical terminologies such as electron - dot formulas and structural formulas. For example, write the electron - dot formula and structural formula of methane.

• Chemical Stoichiometry: Comprehension and calculation of concepts such as the amount of substance, molar mass, and molar volume of gas. For example, calculate the number of calcium ions in a certain mass of calcium carbonate through the amount of substance, and calculate the volume occupied by a certain amount of oxygen under standard conditions.
   

Inorganic Chemistry：

• Elements and Their Compounds: Properties, preparations, and uses of common metal elements (such as sodium, aluminum, iron, copper) and non - metal elements (such as chlorine, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon) and their compounds. For example, elaborate on the laboratory preparation method of chlorine gas and its chemical properties in reactions with water and alkalis, and analyze the differences in products when iron reacts with oxygen under different conditions.

• Types of Chemical Reactions: Grasp the essence and characteristics of redox reactions, and accurately identify oxidants, reductants, oxidation products, and reduction products. For example, make relevant identifications in the reaction between potassium permanganate and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Analyze the essence of ionic reactions and write ionic equations. For example, write the ionic equation for the reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide solution.

• Structure and Properties of Substances: The relationship between atomic structure and element properties. For example, explain the similarities and trends of the chemical properties of alkali metals based on the arrangement of extranuclear electrons. Types of chemical bonds (ionic bond, covalent bond, metallic bond) and their impacts on the properties of substances. For example, explain the differences in physical properties such as melting and boiling points between sodium chloride and hydrogen chloride by analyzing chemical bonds.
   

Organic Chemistry：

• Structure and Properties of Organic Compounds: Structural features, functional groups, and properties of common organic compounds (such as alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters). For example, taking ethanol as an example, elaborate on the catalytic oxidation reaction principle and bond - breaking mode of alcohols, and analyze the influence of the structural features of benzene on its chemical properties.

• Types of Organic Reactions: Judgment and application of organic reaction types such as substitution reaction, addition reaction, elimination reaction, oxidation reaction, and reduction reaction. For example, determine the reaction types of toluene with bromine under light or with iron as a catalyst, and write the corresponding chemical equations.

• Organic Synthesis and Deduction: Design a reasonable organic synthesis route based on given raw materials and target products. For example, design a synthesis route for ethyl acetate starting from ethylene. Through comprehensive analysis of the properties and reactions of organic compounds, deduce the structural formulas of organic compounds. For example, deduce the possible structure of an organic compound based on its molecular formula, properties, and reaction phenomena.
   

Chemical Experiments and Explorations：

• Basic Experimental Operations: Master the usage methods of common instruments (such as alcohol lamps, platform balances, volumetric flasks, separating funnels, etc.). For example, correctly use a volumetric flask to prepare a solution with a certain amount - of - substance concentration. Be familiar with basic experimental operation skills such as filtration, evaporation, distillation, and extraction, including their principles and precautions. Be able to accurately describe the steps of filtration and evaporation in the purification of crude salt.

• Experimental Design and Evaluation: Design an experimental plan according to the experimental purpose. For example, design an experiment to explore the effect of temperature on the chemical reaction rate, clearly stating the experimental steps, required reagents and instruments, and predicting experimental phenomena. Evaluate a given experimental plan, analyze its advantages and disadvantages, and propose improvement measures. For example, evaluate and improve the experimental device for the laboratory preparation of carbon dioxide.

• Experimental Data Processing and Analysis: Learn to record and process experimental data. For example, calculate the concentration of the solution to be measured through the data of acid - base titration experiments and conduct error analysis. Draw charts (such as solubility curves) based on experimental data, and analyze the differences between experimental results and theoretical values. For example, by drawing the solubility curve of potassium nitrate, analyze the reasons for the deviation between experimental data and the theoretical solubility curve.
   

Chemical Phenomenon Analysis and Reasoning：

• Analysis Based on Chemical Principles: Based on Le Chatelier's principle, analyze the influence of factors such as temperature, pressure, and concentration on the shift of chemical equilibrium. For example, explain the principle of increasing the ammonia yield in the industrial synthesis of ammonia by changing reaction conditions. From the perspective of chemical kinetics, explore the influencing factors of chemical reaction rates. For example, analyze the reasons for the different reaction rates of zinc with sulfuric acid of different concentrations.

• Association between Chemical Properties and Uses: Infer the possible uses of substances based on their chemical properties. For example, analyze the applications of concentrated sulfuric acid in laboratories and industrial production based on its water - absorption, dehydration, and strong oxidizing properties. Deduce the chemical properties of substances from their uses. For example, infer the strong oxidizing property of bleaching powder from its use in swimming pool disinfection.

• Comprehensive Analysis across Knowledge Modules: Combine inorganic and organic chemistry knowledge to analyze chemical phenomena in complex systems. For example, in an organic synthesis experiment, analyze the role of inorganic reagents and related chemical reactions. Integrate basic chemical theories and experimental knowledge to solve practical problems. For example, in wastewater treatment, design treatment plans using principles such as chemical precipitation and redox methods.
   

Chemistry and Social Hotspots：

• Chemistry in Environmental Protection: Analyze the chemical causes of environmental problems such as acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and the greenhouse effect. For example, elaborate on the chemical substances and reactions involved in the formation of acid rain. Explore the applications of chemistry in environmental protection, such as the principles and applications of chemical precipitation and redox methods in wastewater treatment, and the embodiment of the green chemistry concept in industrial production.

• Energy Chemistry: Introduce the characteristics of common energy sources (such as fossil energy, solar energy, wind energy, hydrogen energy, etc.) and the chemical principles in their conversion processes. For example, analyze the working principle of solar cells and the conversion process between chemical energy and electrical energy. Discuss the chemical problems and solutions in the development and utilization of new energy sources. For example, for hydrogen as a clean energy source, explore the chemical difficulties and solutions in its preparation, storage, and transportation.

• Materials Chemistry: Understand the composition, structure, and properties of common materials (such as metal materials, inorganic non - metallic materials, organic polymer materials). For example, analyze the reasons for the application of aluminum alloy materials in the aerospace field. Research the chemical preparation methods and application prospects of new materials (such as nanomaterials, superconducting materials). For example, introduce the unique chemical properties of nanomaterials and their potential applications in the field of catalysis.
   

Solving Practical Chemical Problems：

• Facing Chemical Problems in Daily Life: Explain common chemical phenomena in the kitchen, such as the principle of using vinegar to remove scale, using chemical knowledge, and provide reasonable usage suggestions. Solve chemical problems in clothing cleaning, such as removing stains like oil stains and blood stains on clothing. Select appropriate detergents and cleaning methods according to the composition and chemical properties of the stains.

• Facing Chemical Problems in Industrial Production: In chemical production, consider factors such as reaction conditions, raw material utilization rate, and product purity to optimize the production process. For example, optimize the production process of the ammonia synthesis industry to improve the yield and quality of ammonia. Analyze the environmental impacts of waste gas, wastewater, and waste residues generated in industrial production and propose corresponding chemical treatment methods. For example, for sulfur dioxide waste gas generated by steel plants, propose a treatment plan using lime milk absorption.

 

Participants are required to have a solid grasp of basic chemical knowledge and be proficient in using chemical research methods to solve problems. The competition sets up challenging questions to stimulate students' innovative thinking, encourage them to break through themselves and explore new areas of chemistry. It aims to comprehensively and efficiently test students' chemical literacy and abilities with limited examination resources, avoiding unnecessary complexity and repetition, and achieving accurate and effective assessment

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