2025國際兒童及青少年生物大賽
2025 International Children and Youth Biology Competition

本次 2025 國際兒童及青少年生物大賽，題目範圍極為廣泛，全面覆蓋生物領域多個關鍵板塊，從基礎生物知識考查到高階的研究方法運用及複雜難題解讀，旨在充分挖掘參賽者的生物潛能，展現生物知識的深度與廣度，具體內容如下：​
 

一、基礎知識​

（一）生命的物質基礎與結構基礎​

細胞的分子組成：熟練掌握組成細胞的各類化合物，包括蛋白質、核酸、糖類、脂質等的結構與功能。精准理解氨基酸、核苷酸等基本單位的結構特點及連接方式，能夠準確闡述蛋白質的多樣性成因以及核酸攜帶遺傳資訊的機制。例如，清晰說明蛋白質的四級結構對其功能的影響，以及不同類型核酸在遺傳資訊傳遞中的作用。​

細胞的結構與功能：透徹理解細胞的基本結構，包括細胞膜、細胞質、細胞核等各個部分的組成與功能。深入學習細胞器，如線粒體、葉綠體、內質網、高爾基體等的結構特點與生理功能，能夠分析細胞各部分結構之間的協調配合關係。比如，解釋分泌蛋白在細胞內的合成、運輸與分泌過程中，各細胞器是如何協同工作的。同時，掌握原核細胞與真核細胞的主要區別，能夠依據細胞結構特徵準確判斷細胞類型。​

（二）生物的新陳代謝​

細胞代謝：熟練掌握物質跨膜運輸的方式，包括自由擴散、協助擴散、主動運輸等，能夠分析不同物質進出細胞的方式及其影響因素。深入學習酶的本質、特性及作用機制，能夠通過實驗設計探究酶的活性受溫度、pH 等因素的影響。全面理解細胞呼吸和光合作用的過程，包括有氧呼吸的三個階段、無氧呼吸的兩種類型以及光合作用的光反應和暗反應階段，能夠準確分析細胞呼吸和光合作用過程中的物質變化與能量轉換關係，例如，計算在一定光照和溫度條件下，植物光合作用產生的氧氣量以及細胞呼吸消耗的有機物量。​

生物個體的新陳代謝：瞭解植物的水分代謝、礦質營養代謝以及動物的消化、吸收、呼吸、迴圈、排泄等生理過程。能夠分析植物根系對水分和礦質元素的吸收原理，以及動物消化系統中食物的消化和吸收過程。同時，掌握動物體內物質和能量的平衡調節機制，如血糖平衡的調節、體溫調節等，能夠解釋在不同生理狀態下，動物體內是如何維持內環境穩態的。​

（三）生物的遺傳與進化​

遺傳的基本規律：深入理解孟德爾遺傳定律，包括基因的分離定律和自由組合定律，能夠運用遺傳定律進行遺傳概率的計算和遺傳系譜圖的分析。掌握基因與性狀的關係，理解等位基因、顯性基因、隱性基因等概念，能夠解釋性狀分離現象和基因自由組合現象的本質原因。同時，瞭解伴性遺傳的特點，能夠分析伴性遺傳在實踐中的應用，如通過遺傳諮詢預防某些伴性遺傳病的發生。​

遺傳資訊的傳遞與變異：熟練掌握 DNA 的結構與複製、轉錄和翻譯的過程，能夠準確闡述遺傳資訊在細胞內的傳遞規律。深入學習基因突變、基因重組和染色體變異等可遺傳變異的類型、特點及發生機制，能夠分析這些變異在生物進化中的作用。例如，解釋基因突變如何為生物進化提供原始材料，以及基因重組如何增加生物多樣性。​

生物進化：瞭解現代生物進化理論的主要內容，包括種群基因頻率的改變與生物進化、隔離與物種形成等。能夠運用現代生物進化理論解釋生物多樣性和適應性的形成原因，分析自然選擇在生物進化中的作用機制。同時，瞭解生物進化的證據，如化石證據、比較解剖學證據、分子生物學證據等，能夠通過這些證據推斷生物進化的歷程。​
 

二、生物學研究方法與實驗​

（一）科學探究方法​

觀察與提出問題：具備敏銳的觀察力，能夠在自然現象或實驗過程中發現生物學問題，並準確表述問題。例如，觀察植物的向光性生長現象，提出 “植物為什麼會向光生長” 的問題。​

作出假設與設計實驗：能夠根據已有的生物學知識和經驗，對提出的問題作出合理假設，並設計科學的實驗方案來驗證假設。在設計實驗時，要明確實驗目的、確定實驗變數、設置對照實驗、選擇合適的實驗材料和實驗方法，確保實驗的科學性和可重複性。例如，為了探究 “植物向光生長是否與生長素分佈不均勻有關”，設計實驗時需要設置有單側光照射和無單側光照射的對照，以及不同濃度生長素處理的實驗組。​

實施實驗與收集數據：能夠熟練運用各種實驗技術和儀器設備，按照實驗方案進行實驗操作，並準確收集實驗數據。在實驗過程中，要注意實驗安全和實驗誤差的控制。例如，在進行細胞計數實驗時，要正確使用顯微鏡和血細胞計數板，多次重複計數以減小誤差。​

分析數據與得出結論：能夠運用統計學方法對實驗數據進行分析和處理，根據數據分析結果得出合理的結論，並對實驗結果進行解釋和討論。例如，通過對不同光照強度下植物光合作用速率數據的統計分析，得出光照強度與光合作用速率之間的關係，並對實驗結果中可能出現的異常現象進行分析和解釋。​

（二）生物學實驗技術​

顯微鏡技術：熟練掌握光學顯微鏡和電子顯微鏡的使用方法，能夠正確操作顯微鏡進行細胞、組織、器官等的觀察，包括顯微鏡的調光、對焦、低倍鏡與高倍鏡的轉換等操作，以及製作臨時裝片、切片等標本的技術，能夠觀察並識別細胞的基本結構和一些細胞器的形態。​

生物技術：瞭解常見的生物技術，如 PCR 技術、DNA 重組技術、細胞培養技術等的原理和基本操作流程。能夠分析這些技術在生物學研究和實際應用中的作用，例如，PCR 技術在基因擴增、疾病診斷中的應用，DNA 重組技術在基因工程藥物生產、轉基因生物培育中的應用，細胞培養技術在細胞生物學研究、生物制藥中的應用等。​
 

三、生物多樣性與生態環境​

（一）生物多樣性​

生物分類：瞭解生物分類的基本方法和主要分類單位，能夠對常見生物進行分類，識別不同生物類群的主要特徵。例如，能夠區分植物界中的藻類植物、苔蘚植物、蕨類植物、種子植物，以及動物界中的無脊椎動物和脊椎動物的主要類群。​

物種多樣性：理解物種多樣性的概念和意義，瞭解全球物種多樣性的現狀和分佈特點。能夠分析影響物種多樣性的因素，如棲息地破壞、外來物種入侵、氣候變化等，並提出保護物種多樣性的措施，例如，建立自然保護區、加強對瀕危物種的保護、控制外來物種入侵等。​

遺傳多樣性與生態系統多樣性：瞭解遺傳多樣性的概念和重要性，以及生態系統多樣性的類型和結構功能。能夠分析遺傳多樣性與物種適應環境變化能力之間的關係，以及生態系統多樣性對維持生態平衡的作用。例如，解釋為什麼遺傳多樣性豐富的物種在面對環境變化時更具生存優勢，以及生態系統中不同生物之間的相互關係如何影響生態系統的穩定性。​

（二）生態環境​

生態系統的結構與功能：深入理解生態系統的組成成分，包括生產者、消費者、分解者以及非生物的物質和能量，掌握生態系統的營養結構 —— 食物鏈和食物網。能夠分析生態系統中物質迴圈和能量流動的過程和特點，例如，以碳迴圈為例，說明物質在生態系統中的迴圈途徑，以及能量在食物鏈中單向流動、逐級遞減的原因。​

生態系統的穩定性與環境保護：瞭解生態系統穩定性的概念和類型，包括抵抗力穩定性和恢復力穩定性，能夠分析影響生態系統穩定性的因素，並提出提高生態系統穩定性的措施。同時，關注全球性生態環境問題，如溫室效應、酸雨、臭氧層破壞、生物多樣性銳減等，瞭解這些問題的成因、危害及解決措施，培養環境保護意識和可持續發展觀念。例如，分析如何通過合理利用資源、減少污染物排放等方式來保護生態環境，實現經濟發展與環境保護的協調統一。​
 

四、挑戰題與創新思維​

（一）開放性問題​

問題探索：設置具有開放性的生物學問題，要求參賽者從不同角度進行思考與探索，提出多種可能的解決方案或結論。例如，給定一個生態系統受到某種干擾後的現象，探索其中可能涉及的生態機制、生物之間的相互作用變化以及恢復生態平衡的潛在途徑，鼓勵參賽者發揮創新思維，不拘泥於傳統的解題思路，嘗試新的方法和途徑。​

方案設計：提出實際應用場景下的開放性任務，如設計一個城市生態公園的生態規劃方案、制定一種瀕危植物的保護與繁殖計畫等，參賽者需要運用生物學知識和綜合素養，構建合理的生物學模型，制定詳細的實施方案，並對方案的可行性、有效性進行分析與評估。​

（二）跨學科問題​

生物與化學結合：設置涉及生物與化學知識交叉的問題，如利用化學方法分析生物體內的物質組成與代謝過程，通過生物化學反應解釋生命現象。例如，運用化學分析方法檢測生物體內某種激素的含量變化，以及該激素在化學反應中對生物生理過程的調節作用，實現生物與化學學科的相互滲透與融合。​

生物與其他學科融合：探索生物與物理、地理、電腦科學等其他學科的聯繫，設計跨學科問題，如在物理學中利用生物材料的物理特性開發新型感測器，在地理學中研究生物分佈與地理環境的關係，在電腦科學中利用生物資訊學方法分析基因組數據、模擬生態系統動態變化等，培養參賽者跨學科運用知識的能力和綜合素養。​

參賽者需扎實掌握生物學基礎知識，熟練運用各類生物學研究方法與實驗技術，具備將生物學知識應用於實際問題的能力，並勇於挑戰創新，突破思維定式。大賽通過設置具有挑戰性的題目，激發學生的創新思維，鼓勵學生不斷探索生物學新領域，力求在有限的競賽資源下，全面、高效地檢驗學生的生物學素養和綜合能力，避免考查內容的繁瑣與重複，做到精准、有效地考核。
 

The scope of questions in the 2025 International Biology Competition for Children and Adolescents is extremely extensive, comprehensively covering multiple key areas of the biological field. It ranges from the examination of basic biological knowledge to the application of advanced research methods and the interpretation of complex problems. The aim is to fully tap the biological potential of the participants and showcase the depth and breadth of biological knowledge. The specific content is as follows:

 

I. Basic Knowledge

(1) The Material and Structural Basis of Life

Molecular Composition of Cells: Master proficiently the various types of compounds that make up cells, including the structures and functions of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, etc. Comprehensively understand the structural characteristics and connection methods of basic units such as amino acids and nucleotides. Be able to accurately explain the causes of protein diversity and the mechanism by which nucleic acids carry genetic information. For example, clearly illustrate the impact of the four levels of protein structure on its function, as well as the roles of different types of nucleic acids in the transmission of genetic information.

 

Structure and Function of Cells: Have a thorough understanding of the basic structure of cells, including the composition and functions of various parts such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Study in-depth the structural characteristics and physiological functions of organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Be able to analyze the coordination and cooperation relationship among different parts of the cell. For instance, explain how each organelle works in concert during the synthesis, transportation, and secretion of secreted proteins within the cell. At the same time, master the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and be able to accurately determine the cell type based on the structural characteristics of the cell.

 

(2) Metabolism of Organisms

Cell Metabolism: Master proficiently the modes of substance transport across the membrane, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, etc. Be able to analyze the ways in which different substances enter and exit the cell and their influencing factors. Study in-depth the nature, characteristics, and action mechanisms of enzymes. Be able to design experiments to explore how factors such as temperature and pH affect the activity of enzymes. Have a comprehensive understanding of the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, including the three stages of aerobic respiration, the two types of anaerobic respiration, and the light reaction and dark reaction stages of photosynthesis. Be able to accurately analyze the material changes and energy conversion relationships during cellular respiration and photosynthesis. For example, calculate the amount of oxygen produced by a plant through photosynthesis and the amount of organic matter consumed by cellular respiration under certain light and temperature conditions.

 

Metabolism of Individual Organisms: Understand the physiological processes of plants such as water metabolism, mineral nutrition metabolism, and those of animals such as digestion, absorption, respiration, circulation, and excretion. Be able to analyze the principles of water and mineral element absorption by plant roots, as well as the digestion and absorption processes of food in the animal digestive system. At the same time, master the regulatory mechanisms of the balance of substances and energy in animals, such as the regulation of blood glucose balance and body temperature regulation. Be able to explain how the internal environment of animals maintains homeostasis under different physiological states.

 

(3) Heredity and Evolution of Organisms

Basic Laws of Heredity: Have an in-depth understanding of Mendelian genetic laws, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment of genes. Be able to use genetic laws to calculate genetic probabilities and analyze genetic pedigree charts. Master the relationship between genes and traits, understand concepts such as alleles, dominant genes, and recessive genes. Be able to explain the essential causes of the phenomenon of trait segregation and the phenomenon of independent assortment of genes. At the same time, understand the characteristics of sex-linked inheritance and be able to analyze the application of sex-linked inheritance in practice, such as preventing the occurrence of certain sex-linked genetic diseases through genetic counseling.

 

Transmission and Variation of Genetic Information: Master proficiently the processes of DNA structure and replication, transcription, and translation. Be able to accurately explain the laws of genetic information transmission within the cell. Study in-depth the types, characteristics, and occurrence mechanisms of inheritable variations such as gene mutations, gene recombinations, and chromosomal variations. Be able to analyze the roles of these variations in biological evolution. For example, explain how gene mutations provide raw materials for biological evolution and how gene recombinations increase biological diversity.

 

Biological Evolution: Understand the main contents of modern biological evolution theory, including the change of population gene frequency and biological evolution, isolation and species formation, etc. Be able to use modern biological evolution theory to explain the formation reasons of biological diversity and adaptability, and analyze the action mechanism of natural selection in biological evolution. At the same time, understand the evidence of biological evolution, such as fossil evidence, comparative anatomy evidence, molecular biology evidence, etc. Be able to infer the evolutionary history of organisms through these evidences.

 

II. Biological Research Methods and Experiments

(1) Scientific Inquiry Methods

Observation and Problem Formulation: Have keen observation skills and be able to discover biological problems in natural phenomena or experimental processes, and accurately express the problems. For example, observe the phototropic growth phenomenon of plants and raise the question "Why do plants grow towards the light?"

 

Hypothesis Formulation and Experimental Design: Be able to formulate a reasonable hypothesis for the raised questions based on existing biological knowledge and experience, and design a scientific experimental scheme to verify the hypothesis. When designing an experiment, it is necessary to clarify the experimental purpose, determine the experimental variables, set up control experiments, select appropriate experimental materials and experimental methods, and ensure the scientificity and repeatability of the experiment. For example, in order to explore "Whether the phototropic growth of plants is related to the uneven distribution of auxin", when designing the experiment, it is necessary to set up a control with unilateral light irradiation and without unilateral light irradiation, as well as experimental groups treated with different concentrations of auxin.

 

Experiment Implementation and Data Collection: Be able to skillfully use various experimental techniques and equipment, conduct experimental operations according to the experimental scheme, and accurately collect experimental data. During the experiment, pay attention to experimental safety and the control of experimental errors. For example, when conducting a cell counting experiment, correctly use a microscope and a hemocytometer, and repeat the counting multiple times to reduce errors.

 

Data Analysis and Conclusion Drawing: Be able to use statistical methods to analyze and process experimental data, draw reasonable conclusions based on the results of data analysis, and explain and discuss the experimental results. For example, through the statistical analysis of the photosynthetic rates of plants under different light intensities, draw the relationship between light intensity and photosynthetic rate, and analyze and explain the possible abnormal phenomena in the experimental results.

 

(2) Biological Experimental Techniques

Microscope Techniques: Master proficiently the usage methods of optical microscopes and electron microscopes. Be able to correctly operate the microscope to observe cells, tissues, organs, etc., including operations such as adjusting the light, focusing, and switching between low-power and high-power lenses of the microscope, as well as techniques for making temporary mounts, sections, and other specimens. Be able to observe and identify the basic structure of cells and the morphology of some organelles.

 

Biotechnologies: Understand the principles and basic operation processes of common biotechnologies such as PCR technology, DNA recombination technology, and cell culture technology. Be able to analyze the roles of these technologies in biological research and practical applications. For example, the application of PCR technology in gene amplification and disease diagnosis, the application of DNA recombination technology in the production of genetic engineering drugs and the cultivation of transgenic organisms, and the application of cell culture technology in cell biology research and biopharmaceuticals.

 

III. Biological Diversity and Ecological Environment

(1) Biological Diversity

Biological Classification: Understand the basic methods of biological classification and the main taxonomic units. Be able to classify common organisms and identify the main characteristics of different biological groups. For example, be able to distinguish between major groups of plants in the plant kingdom, such as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, and seed plants, as well as between invertebrates and vertebrates in the animal kingdom.

 

Species Diversity: Understand the concept and significance of species diversity, and be aware of the current situation and distribution characteristics of global species diversity. Be able to analyze the factors affecting species diversity, such as habitat destruction, invasive alien species, and climate change, and propose measures for protecting species diversity, such as establishing nature reserves, strengthening the protection of endangered species, and controlling the invasion of alien species.

 

Genetic Diversity and Ecosystem Diversity: Understand the concept and importance of genetic diversity, as well as the types and structural functions of ecosystem diversity. Be able to analyze the relationship between genetic diversity and the ability of species to adapt to environmental changes, as well as the role of ecosystem diversity in maintaining ecological balance. For example, explain why species with rich genetic diversity have a greater survival advantage when facing environmental changes, and how the interactions between different organisms in an ecosystem affect the stability of the ecosystem.

 

(2) Ecological Environment

Structure and Function of Ecosystems: Have an in-depth understanding of the components of an ecosystem, including producers, consumers, decomposers, as well as abiotic substances and energy. Master the trophic structure of an ecosystem - food chains and food webs. Be able to analyze the processes and characteristics of material cycling and energy flow in an ecosystem. For example, taking the carbon cycle as an example, illustrate the cycling pathways of substances in an ecosystem, as well as the reasons for the unidirectional flow and gradual decrease of energy in food chains.

 

Stability of Ecosystems and Environmental Protection: Understand the concept and types of ecosystem stability, including resistance stability and resilience stability. Be able to analyze the factors affecting ecosystem stability and propose measures to improve ecosystem stability. At the same time, pay attention to global ecological environmental problems, such as the greenhouse effect, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and the sharp decline in biological diversity. Understand the causes, hazards, and solutions of these problems, and cultivate environmental protection awareness and the concept of sustainable development. For example, analyze how to protect the ecological environment through rational use of resources, reduction of pollutant emissions, etc., and achieve the coordinated unity of economic development and environmental protection.

 

IV. Challenge Questions and Innovative Thinking

(1) Open-ended Questions

Problem Exploration: Set open-ended biological questions that require participants to think and explore from different angles and propose multiple possible solutions or conclusions. For example, given the phenomenon of an ecosystem after being disturbed by a certain factor, explore the possible ecological mechanisms involved, the changes in the interactions between organisms, and the potential ways to restore ecological balance. Encourage participants to give full play to their innovative thinking, not be restricted by traditional problem-solving ideas, and try new methods and approaches.

 

Scheme Design: Put forward open-ended tasks in practical application scenarios, such as designing an ecological planning scheme for an urban ecological park, or formulating a protection and propagation plan for an endangered plant. Participants need to use biological knowledge and comprehensive literacy, construct a reasonable biological model, formulate a detailed implementation plan, and analyze and evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the plan.

 

(2) Interdisciplinary Questions

Integration of Biology and Chemistry: Set questions involving the intersection of biological and chemical knowledge, such as using chemical methods to analyze the material composition and metabolic processes within organisms, and explaining life phenomena through biochemical reactions. For example, use chemical analysis methods to detect the content changes of a certain hormone in organisms, and the regulatory role of this hormone in biochemical reactions on the physiological processes of organisms, achieving the mutual penetration and integration of biology and chemistry disciplines.

 

Integration of Biology with Other Disciplines: Explore the connections between biology and other disciplines such as physics, geography, and computer science, and design interdisciplinary questions. For example, in physics, develop new types of sensors using the physical properties of biological materials; in geography, study the relationship between biological distribution and the geographical environment; in computer science, use bioinformatics methods to analyze genome data and simulate the dynamic changes of ecosystems, etc. Cultivate participants' ability to apply knowledge across disciplines and their comprehensive literacy.

 

Participants need to have a solid grasp of basic biological knowledge, be proficient in using various biological research methods and experimental techniques, possess the ability to apply biological knowledge to practical problems, and have the courage to challenge and innovate, breaking through the limitations of traditional thinking. Through setting challenging questions, the competition aims to stimulate students' innovative thinking, encourage them to continuously explore new fields of biology, and strive to comprehensively and efficiently test students' biological literacy and comprehensive abilities within the limited competition resources. It avoids the complexity and repetition of the examination content, and achieves accurate and effective assessment.